Three- phase electric power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Three- phase transformer with four wire output for 2. Y/1. 20 volt service: one wire for neutral, others for A, B and C phases. Three- phase electric power is a common method of alternating- currentelectric powergeneration, transmission, and distribution. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads. A three- phase system is usually more economical than an equivalent single- phase at the same line to ground voltage because it uses less conductor material to transmit electrical power. This cycle repeats with the frequency of the power system. Left: primary wires, right: the secondary wires. In a symmetric three- phase power supply system, three conductors each carry an alternating current of the same frequency and voltage amplitude relative to a common reference but with a phase difference of one third the period. The common reference is usually connected to ground and often to a current- carrying conductor called the neutral. Due to the phase difference, the voltage on any conductor reaches its peak at one third of a cycle after one of the other conductors and one third of a cycle before the remaining conductor. This phase delay gives constant power transfer to a balanced linear load. It also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor and generate other phase arrangements using transformers (For instance, a two phase system using a Scott- T transformer). The symmetric three. 6 Calculate the neutral current in a simple unbalanced 4-wire. Alternating voltage is provided by an a.c. If a 3-phase, 6-wire system was. In other words, the current in each conductor is equal in magnitude to the sum of the currents in the other two, but with the opposite sign. The return path for the current in any phase conductor is the other two phase conductors. As compared to a single- phase AC power supply that uses two conductors (phase and neutral), a three- phase supply with no neutral and the same phase- to- ground voltage and current capacity per phase can transmit three times as much power using just 1. Thus, the ratio of capacity to conductor material is doubled. The same (but not the other properties of three- phase power) can also be attained with a center- grounded single- phase system. This is the neutral wire. The neutral allows three separate single- phase supplies to be provided at a constant voltage and is commonly used for supplying groups of domestic properties which are each single- phase loads. The connections are arranged so that, as far as possible in each group, equal power is drawn from each phase. Further up the distribution system, the currents are usually well balanced. Transformers may be wired in a way that they have a four. This makes it possible to reduce the size of the neutral conductor because it carries little or no current. With a balanced load, all the phase conductors carry the same current and so can be the same size. Power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant, which helps to reduce generator and motor vibrations. Three- phase systems can produce a rotating magnetic field with a specified direction and constant magnitude, which simplifies the design of electric motors. Chapter 25 Alternating Currents 25.1 Introduction. 25.3 Phase Relations of Current and Voltage in AC Circuits In an AC circuit containing only resistance.Most household loads are single- phase. In North American residences, three- phase power might feed a multiple- unit apartment block, but the household loads are connected only as single phase. In lower- density areas, only a single phase might be used for distribution. Some large European appliances may be powered by three- phase power, such as electric stoves and clothes dryers. Wiring for the three phases is typically identified by color codes which vary by country. Connection of the phases in the right order is required to ensure the intended direction of rotation of three- phase motors. For example, pumps and fans may not work in reverse. Maintaining the identity of phases is required if there is any possibility two sources can be connected at the same time; a direct interconnection between two different phases is a short- circuit. Generation and distribution. The windings are arranged such that the currents vary sinusoidally at the same frequency but with the peaks and troughs of their wave forms offset to provide three complementary currents with a phase separation of one- third cycle (1. The generator frequency is typically 5. Hz, varying by country. At the power station, transformers change the voltage from generators to a level suitable for transmission minimizing losses. After further voltage conversions in the transmission network, the voltage is finally transformed to the standard utilization before power is supplied to customers. Most automotive alternators generate three phase AC and rectify it to DC with a diode bridge. A closed delta system can operate as an open delta if one of the transformers has failed or needs to be removed. With one of three transformers missing and the remaining two at 8. Another variation is a . As shown in the diagram, a delta configuration requires only 3 wires for transmission but a wye (star) configuration may utilise a fourth wire. Three-Phase Circuits A fter studying this unit, you should be able to: Discuss the differences between three-phase and. Three-phase Y and Delta Configurations. THREE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS INTRODUCTION. At instant 3, the current in phase C is plus 10 amperes, and the field extends vertically upward.
The fourth wire, if present, is provided as a Neutral and is normally Grounded. In such a system, all three phases will have the same magnitude of voltage relative to the Neutral. Other non- symmetrical systems have been used. The four- wire wye system is used when ground referenced voltages or the flexibility of more voltage selections are required. Faults on one phase to ground will cause a protection event (fuse or breaker open) locally and not involve other phases or other connected equipment. When a group of customers sharing the neutral draw unequal phase currents, the common neutral wire carries the currents resulting from these imbalances. Electrical engineers try to design the system so the loads are balanced as much as possible within premises where 3- phase power is utilized. Hence, every effort is made by supply authorities to distribute all three phases over a large number of premises so that, on average, as nearly as possible a balanced load is seen at the point of supply. For domestic use, some countries such as the UK may supply one phase and neutral at a high current (up to 1. A) to one property, while others such as Germany may supply 3 phases and neutral to each customer, but at a lower fuse rating, typically 3. A per phase, and . V single- phase load would be connected between L1 and L2. Single- phase 1. 00 V supplies (1. L3 (wild or high leg) will be 1. V with respect to the neutral. In North America, a high- leg delta supply is sometimes used, where one winding of a delta connected transformer feeding the load is center- tapped and that center tap is grounded and connected as a Neutral, as shown in the second diagram. This setup produces three different voltages. If the voltage between the center tap (neutral) and each of the two adjacent phases is 1. V (1. 00%), the voltage across any two phases is 2. V (2. 00%), and the neutral to . However, the premises concerned will also require the . Examining the circuits we can derive relationships between line voltage and current, and load voltage and current for wye and delta connected loads. In a balanced system each line will produce equal voltage magnitudes at phase angles equally spaced from each other. With V1 as our reference and V3 lagging V2 lagging V1, using angle notation, we have. Inductive and capacitive loads will cause current to either lag or lead the voltage. However, the relative phase angle between each pair of lines (1 to 2, 2 to 3,and 3 to 1) will still be . In the balanced case: I1+I2+I3=IN=0. Calculating line currents by using KCL at each delta node gives: I1=I1. The voltage between line conductors is . If the loads are evenly distributed on all three phases, the sum of the returning currents in the neutral wire is approximately zero. Any unbalanced phase loading on the secondary side of the transformer will use the transformer capacity inefficiently. If the supply neutral is broken, phase- to- neutral voltage is no longer maintained. Phases with higher relative loading will experience reduced voltage, and phases with lower relative loading will experience elevated voltage, up to the phase- to- phase voltage. A high- leg delta provides phase- to- neutral relationship of VLL = 2. If VLL was set as 1. VLN . The method of symmetrical components is used to analyze unbalanced systems. Non- linear loads. Devices that utilize rectifier- capacitor front- end such as switch- mode power supplies, computers, office equipment and such produce third- order harmonics that are in- phase on all the supply phases. Consequently, such harmonic currents add in the neutral, which can cause the neutral current to exceed the phase current. A three- phase induction motor has a simple design, inherently high starting torque and high efficiency. Such motors are applied in industry for many applications. A three- phase motor is more compact and less costly than a single- phase motor of the same voltage class and rating and single- phase AC motors above 1. HP (7. 5 k. W) are uncommon. Three- phase motors also vibrate less and hence last longer than single- phase motors of the same power used under the same conditions. Resistance heating loads such as electric boilers or space heating may be connected to three- phase systems. Electric lighting may also be similarly connected. Line frequency flicker in light can be reduced by evenly spreading three phases across line frequency operated light sources so that illuminated area is provided light from all three phases. The effect of line frequency flicker is detrimental to super slow motion cameras used in sports event broadcasting. Three phase lighting has been applied successfully at the 2. Beijing Olympics to provide consistent light level for each frame. Such rectifiers may be used for battery charging, electrolysis processes such as aluminium production or for operation of DC motors. However, the individual heating units are often connected between phase and neutral to allow for connection to a single- phase circuit e.
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Butler University houses the oldest PA (physician assistant). Benefits of the Butler PA Program. Accredited longer than any other PA program in Indiana. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels is a Saturday morning animated series created by Joe Ruby and Ken Spears and produced by Hanna- Barbera Productions which aired on ABC from September 1. June 2. 1, 1. 98. Summary. The concept and general plot for the show was seen as a parody of Charlie's Angels (which also aired on ABC). It also borrowed heavily from other Hanna- Barbera shows such as Scooby- Doo and Josie and the Pussycats, among others. Dragonhead Rapidshare FreePlot:- With the Dragonhead of Hung Hing Triad group, Chiang Tin-sung, dead, his underlings journey to Thailand to persuade his brother, Tin-yeung to take control of the crime syndicate. Meanwhile Chicken attempts to become a Hung Hing district leader in Tuen. Year: 2008 Style: Folk/Power Metal Country: United Kingdom Format: CBR@320 kbps Size: 106 MB Line-up: Christopher Bowes — Vocals, Keyboards, Tin Whistle Gavin Harper — Guitars, Jew's Harp, Tambourine, Additional Drums Dani Evans — Bass Migo. EUHTTSCGQYX SU Search this site Home 1 bedroom apartment plans - Small 1 bedroom apartment plans. Medieval Collectibles carries a wide selection of dragon statues. Our dragon statues include dragon skulls, baby dragons, three headed dragons, fighting dragons, castle dragons, and fire breathing dragons. Dragon Statues and Dragon Figurines Medieval. Captain Caveman's powers include super- strength, a variety of useful objects hidden inside his hair, and a club that allows him to fly and from which pops out different tools he uses to fight crime. His trademark is his battle cry of . Cavey and the girls also participated in sporting competitions as part of . Like many animated series created by Hanna- Barbera in the 1. Characters. He is a caveman who is thousands of years old (his exact age is never disclosed). He can pull various objects from his long body hair that covers his body except for his nose, arms, and legs. He can also fly, but his flying power always seems to fail him at the worst possible moment. The ringtone maker plus 5 serial rapidshare : The ringtone maker plus 5 serial rapidshare Turbobit.net (2X) & Rapidshare.com Premium Link Generator 2012 02/09/2012 - 03/09/2012 - all together - file host premium accounts & cookies ALL IN ONE - FILE HOST PREMIUM ACCOUNTS & COOKIES - 02 September 2012 to 03 September. On Top of the World by Imagine Dragons off their Continued Silence EP 2012. Here are the lyrics, enjoy :) *Surfer Image: http:// Got a request? No Copyright Infringement Intended! This music belongs to the rightful owners and not me! Sometimes he would attribute this mishap to an energy shortage (! Bad time for energy crisis. He speaks in stereotypical . He also has a bad habit of occasionally eating large non- food objects in one gulp (i. Dee Dee and the rest of the Teen Angels found the frozen Captain Caveman and defrosted him. She wears her hair in an afro and usually wears a red turtleneck sweater with a blue skirt and red knee high boots. Both her dress style and her knack for solving mysteries make her similar to Velma Dinkley of Scooby- Doo fame, while she also bears a resemblance to Valerie from Josie and the Pussycats. Brenda Chance. She wears a purple striped tank top and a pair of hot pink flared trousers with a white belt. She also acts as Dee Dee's sergeant of the Teen Angels. Taffy Dare. In spite of her usually zany plans and ditziness, Taffy is actually very capable and clever. She has the ability to seduce Caveman into acting as bait for her plans to capture the culprit. She usually wears a green dress with matching shoes. She also acts as Dee Dee's second- in- command of the Teen Angels. It is revealed that Captain Caveman has a crush on her and vice versa. Cavey Jr. He can fly just like his father, wears a blue hat, and has black dots for eyes. While he isn't quite as powerful as his father, he is a lot smarter. Despite being a child, he has hair all over his body (even his grandmother does). It is unknown what became of Jr when his father got frozen. Broadcast history! Now the constant companion to the Teen Angels. Get ready for Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels! The music heard in the closing credits is the CB Bears theme. After the first three screens, the end credit roll is from the original two- hour version of Scooby's All- Star Laff- A- Lympics. Episodes. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate and discover a phantom has been haunting the circus. The television station, KXXX, is taken off the air when a criminal cuts the antenna. When the scepter is stolen by a Snowwolfman, they investigate. When the furs disappear, it is up to them to find out what happened. And they seem to be true. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels have arrived to investigate. Just as they are investigating, a bank robbery occurs. They discover that an alien robot supposedly stole a top secret energy source. When some jewels are stolen, Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate. Very soon, they have found Juice Brenner. He is acting strangely. Season 2 (1. 97. 8). The creepy monster seems to have the Teen Angels outfoxed. Snowden is supposed to be the heir to a fortune. But she must stay on the island, or her relatives will inherit the fortune. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels are called in to investigate when the relatives start disappearing thanks to a mysterious sea creature. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels, who are friends with the bride, investigate. Cavey soon learns that his father's position is threatened by the Mellog, an evil creature that Captain Caveman's father defeated long ago. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate when the statue of the Mellog comes to life. Chin, has been having problems with his business since a masked criminal named Dragonhead showed up. Captain Caveman finds the truck. They notice that the fortune cookies were stolen but not the fortunes. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate. While there, some nuclear material disappears in the river. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate and discover a river creature. They soon discover that the gold from the International Gold Exchange has been stolen at the same time. A little while later, the albino rhino is stolen. When the horse is stolen, Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate when Jasper disappears on a ferris wheel. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate and find out that the legend of the Civil War ghost said to have pulled off the robbery. They soon discover that a treasure has been stolen. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate. Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels investigate. Main voices: Additional voices: Later appearances. Captain Caveman worked at The Daily Granite newspaper with Wilma Flintstone and Betty Rubble. To disguise himself as Chester, Captain Caveman wore a pair of glasses and a tie. Despite the simplicity of his disguise, he required a coat rack and an elaborate transformation sequence to become Captain Caveman. The Flintstone Kids (1. In this case he appeared on a show- within- a- show that the younger versions of Fred, Barney, Wilma, and Betty enjoyed watching; the Captain's mumbled . The show would involve a lesson the Flintstone kids were trying to learn in the prologue. In a segment that parodies the Laff- A- Lympics in the style of the Munich massacre, Captain Caveman and Shaggy Rogers confront Daisy Mayhem and Captain Caveman blows her up with the wrong club. Characters that look very similar to Captain Caveman appear as enemies in the 8- bit computer game Renegade III: The Final Chapter. In the Halloween 2. Homestar Runner, Homsar disguises himself as Captain Caveman. Aa. Aah'm the Captain Caveman of the graveyard train!! Mystery Incorporated episode . He and the Teen Angels appear alongside other Hanna- Barbera detective teams in a fever dream of Scooby- Doo's. When the teenage sleuths are kidnapped by Lord Infernacus, it's up to their sidekicks to save them. In Scooby- Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon, there is a person that dresses up as Captain Caveman in a Hanna- Barbera convention. Captain Caveman is seen briefly in the background in South Park - Imaginationland: The Movie (2. He is amongst a plethora of other imaginary and cartoon characters who are being attacked by terrorists. Home media releases. On July 2. 3, 2. 01. Warner Archive released Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels: The Complete Series on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna. This is a manufacture- on- demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon. Housing Authority of the County of Riverside > Program > Programs (Vouchers, Affordable Public Housing)Programs (Vouchers, Affordable Public Housing)Program Descriptions. The Housing Authority provides two basic types of rental assistance. The largest program is the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher. The applicant receives a Housing Choice Voucher once they have met all eligibility requirements. The program participant can select an appropriate rental unit (house or apartment) and live where they wish. The unit that is selected must: Meet housing quality standards. Must have an appropriate number of bedrooms. The rent must be reasonable with regard to current market rents. Must also be affordable to the participant. The participant pays part of the rent and the Housing Authority pays part of the rent. The participant pays between 3. Depending on the income of the family, the Housing Authority may pay all or a very small portion of the rent. The two examples listed below are for the same family size with only income differences. There are adjustment factors to the income that will not be discussed in these examples. All of the information below are examples only and are not to be considered as actual amounts. Example One: Mother and two minor children. Mother. The tenant would pay $9. The Housing Authority would pay $5. Rental Assistance Program; Section 8 Home Ownership Program; Managed Housing Program; Development Program; Housing Portfolio; Housing Links; Riverside Mobile Home Park. Example Two: Mother and two minor children. Mother. The tenant would pay $4. The Housing Authority would pay $1. The amount of rent is limited because the participant may not pay over 4. The same two examples of different income levels for the same family composition will be used.
Fair Housing Council of Riverside County, Inc. The Riverside County Housing Authority Contact Information. Section 8 Rental Voucher Program.Maximum rent levels. Example One: Mother and two minor children. Mother. Project- Based Assistance with the Affordable Public Housing Program. The Housing Authority owns and manages 4. The families that participate in the Affordable Public Housing Program also pay rent according to their income. In the Public Housing Program the families may only select from the limited available units. The low rent charged by the Housing Authority is subsidized by the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). If the family moves out of the subsidized unit, they will no longer be assisted. The same family composition and income levels used above will be used again to show the rents that would be paid by program participants. The residents in the Affordable Public Housing Program pay approximately 3. There are also Flat Rents for units, if 3. Flat Rent amount, the tenant may elect to pay based on the Flat Rent instead of the Income Based Rent. Percent of the income $1. California Section 8 (Housing Choice Voucher) Program-Income Eligibility Requirements. In order to qualify for the California Section 8. California Section 8 (Housing Choice Voucher) Program-Nationality Eligibility. Housing Authority of the County of Riverside,Project. Less utility allowance - $4. Tenant. 3. 0 Percent of the income $4. Less utility allowance - $4. Tenant. The PHA accepts the application for rental assistance, selects the applicant for admission, and issues the selected family a rental voucher confirming the family. The PHA pays the owner a portion of the rent (a housing assistance payment (HAP)) on behalf of the family. Program Procedures. The subsidies provided by the rental voucher a program are considered tenant- based subsidies because when an assisted family moves out of a unit leased under the program, the assistance contract with the owner terminates and the family may move to another unit with continued rental assistance (2. CFR section 9. 82. HUD enters into annual contributions contracts (ACCs) with PHAs under which HUD provides funds to the PHAs to administer the programs locally. The PHAs enter into HAP contracts with private owners who lease their units to assisted families (2. CFR section 9. 82. In the tenant- based Section 8 programs, the PHA verifies a family's eligibility (including income eligibility) and then issues the family a voucher. The family generally has 6. The PHA determines whether the unit meets housing quality standards (HQS). If the PHA approves a family's unit and lease, the PHA contracts with the owner to make HAPs on behalf of the family. The PHA may not approve a lease unless the rent is reasonable (2. CFR section 9. 82. Under the rental voucher program, apart from the requirement that the rent must be reasonable in relation to rents charged for comparable units in the private unassisted market, there is generally no limit on the amount of rent that an owner may charge for a unit. However, at initial occupancy of any unit where the gross rent exceeds the payment standard, a family may not pay more than 4. The rental voucher subsidy is set based on the difference between the lower of the PHA's payment standard for the family's unit size or the gross rent and the total tenant payment (3. This is the maximum amount of subsidy a family may receive regardless of the rent the owner charges for the unit. Therefore, rental voucher program participants may pay more or less than 3. PHA's payment standard for the unit (2. CFR part 9. 82, subpart K). If the cost of utilities is not included in the rent to the owner, the PHA uses a schedule of utility allowances to determine the amount an assisted family needs to cover the cost of utilities. The PHA's utility allowance schedule is developed based on utility consumption and rate data for various unit sizes, structure types, and fuel types. The PHA is required to review its utility allowance schedules annually and to adjust them if necessary (2. CFR section 9. 82. The PHA must inspect units leased under these programs at the time of initial leasing and at least annually thereafter to ensure they meet HUD housing quality standards (HQS). The PHA must also conduct supervisory quality control HQS inspections (2. CFR sections 9. 82. PHAs are required to maintain a HAP contract register or similar record in which to record the PHA's obligation for monthly HAPs. This record must provide information as to: the name and address of the family, the name and address of the owner, dwelling unit size, the beginning date of the lease term, the monthly contract rent payable to the owner, monthly rent payable by the family, and the monthly HAP. The record shall also provide data as to the date the family vacates and the number of days the unit is vacant, if any (2. CFR section 9. 82. The Section 8 Management Assessment Program (SEMAP) is HUD. Under SEMAP, PHAs submit an annual certification, Form HUD- 5. OMB No. 2. 57. 7- 0. HUD concerning their compliance with program requirements under 1. CFR part 9. 85). In the Section 8 programs, required program contracts and other forms must be word- for- word in the form prescribed by HUD headquarters. Any additions to or modifications of required program contracts or other forms must be approved by HUD headquarters (2. CFR section 9. 82. Facts and Reminders. The used by the Housing Authority in determining the number of bedrooms each family is authorized is as follows. A bedroom is authorized for the head of household and spouse or partner. If there is no spouse or partner, the head of household is authorized one bedroom alone. For each two additional persons another bedroom is authorized. In the case of a family with an odd number of family members in addition to the head and spouse, an additional bedroom is authorized. This policy is in keeping with Federal Regulations that require the Housing Authority to designate standards that provide for the smallest number ofbedrooms needed to house a family without overcrowding. Please see the Code of Federal Regulations 2. Part 9. 82. 4. 02 (1). Families that are moving or who have had a recent change in the family composition may have a change in the number of bedrooms that they are authorized on the Voucher. All families drawn from the waiting list will be issued Vouchers based on these subsidy standards. Families with Vouchers will be reviewed at annual re- examination time and the current voucher payment standards must be applied. The waiting list preferences are available here. Anyone drawn from the waiting list must have their eligibility determined for all qualifying preferences as well as all other eligibility factors. Families should not assume that they will receive housing assistance if they receive a letter stating that their name is at the top of the list. Frequently a family does not qualify for preferences claimed or other eligibility factors disqualify them. This program has limited funding and we are not able to help all that are in need of assistance. Section 8 Project Based Moderate Rehabilitation Housing Assistance Programs The Section 8 Project- Based Moderate Rehabilitation Housing Assistance Programs were developed to increase the number of affordable housing units to low income families. Housing assistance is offered to eligible families who wish to live in privately owned multi- family developments that were upgraded or rehabilitated. Upon being determined eligible, a family is given a choice of such rehabilitated sites available at the time their name is drawn from the waiting list. The family must choose from a list of sites available in order to receive housing assistance under this program. You may apply directly to the management of the following complexes. If you move into these units, you will not meet the preferences for the Section 8 Voucher Program but you will be assisted while you are living in the unit. Santa Fe Apartments. Bernard St. Riverside(9. Must be 5. 5+ for this community. Bond Financed Rental Housing. The Housing Authority owns several bond financed multi- family rental housing developments in various cities throughout the County of Riverside. Modeling Impacts of Climate Change on Giant Panda Habitat. Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 2. USA2. Geography Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 2. USAAcademic Editor: A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are one of the most widely recognized endangered species globally. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats, and climate change could significantly impact giant panda survival. We integrated giant panda habitat information with general climate models (GCMs) to predict future geographic distribution and fragmentation of giant panda habitat. Results support a major general prediction of climate change—a shift of habitats towards higher elevation and higher latitudes. Our models predict climate change could reduce giant panda habitat by nearly 6. New areas may become suitable outside the current geographic range but much of these areas is far from the current giant panda range and only 1. Long- term survival of giant pandas will require the creation of new protected areas that are likely to support suitable habitat even if the climate changes. Introduction. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are endangered . The species’ historic range encompassed most of southeastern China, northern Myanmar, and northern Vietnam. However, there is concern for decades that in a finite world at some point should be the limits of the world’s population, and that may not be very smart to reach. Glossary of Water Resource Terms. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A abandoned water right a water right which was not put to beneficial use for a. Current and past scholars bios. Avila is a Fisheries Ph.D. Climate changes during the late Pleistocene and millennia of agricultural conversion and human settlement have dramatically reduced the geographic distribution of giant pandas and populations are now scattered across six mountain ranges between the Sichuan plain and Tibetan plateau . One of the greatest threats to giant panda survival is habitat loss . Category: Garden History & Design Scholarship: The Garden Club of America Internship in Garden History and Design. Mark Ahrens is a master’s student of Library and. Metapopulations and Patch Dynamics: Animal dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes. Tanya Rohrbach ([email protected]) Metapopulations in the Context of Patch. Abstract The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in.Benthic intertidal bivalves play an essential role in estuarine ecosystems by contributing to habitat provision, water filtration, and promoting productivity. In the last hundred years, tiger habitat has been significantly fragmented and transformed into isolated patches of habitats. A particular site can hold breeding. The species is limited to montane deciduous and coniferous forests with bamboo understories. During the twentieth century, giant panda habitat steadily and rapidly declined . Driving forces of habitat loss are agricultural conversion, and large- scale activities such as road construction, logging, mining, and hydroelectric development. Habitat loss has led to a highly fragmented range; many giant panda populations are small and isolated, resulting in limited gene flow and risks from inbreeding . Current climate models estimate a 1. Celsius increase in temperature during this century . Past and recent changes in climate have been shown to cause range shifts and contractions in plant and animal distributions . Whether a species can survive changes in their environment is dependent on various life history characteristics. Characteristics that make a species more likely to be negatively impacted by disturbance include having a limited geographic range, poor ability to disperse, low rates of reproduction, and highly specialized habitat requirements . Giant pandas have a narrow range, do not disperse over large distances, produce one cub every 2- 3 years, and depend on bamboo for 9. These traits suggest they will be highly susceptible to climate change. In addition to the limitations resulting from life history characteristics, species’ response is also limited by the spatial configuration of habitat in the landscape. Species may have the capacity to shift as vegetation regimes shift; however, distance or other barriers may limit movement. Given the giant panda’s restricted and montane geographic range, climate change may significantly reduce and isolate already fragmented giant panda habitats, decrease gene flow, and thereby substantially increase the species’ extinction risk. Extrapolating known suitable climate envelopes into future climate scenarios is one of the best approaches for predicting effects of climate change on species’ geographical distributions . Based on the current giant panda distribution and available general climate models (GCMs), we present a range- wide estimate for how climate change may affect giant panda habitats by the year 2. These data provide the most recent and informed estimate on how climate change will affect one of the most endangered and charismatic megavertebrates in the world. It also provides useful information as conservation organizations assess how to invest in giant panda conservation in the future. Study Area. Our study encompassed six mountain ranges that constitute the extant geographic distribution of giant pandas: the Qinling, Minshan, Qionglai, Xiaoxangling, Daxiangling, and Liangshan (1. Habitat types transition vertically through elevational changes within the giant panda distribution, from subtopical evergreen broad- leafed forest at lower elevations, to evergreen and deciduous broad- leafed forests, to mixed coniferous and deciduous broad- leafed forests, up to subalpine coniferous forests. There is a lot of variation in temperature and precipitation within the giant panda distribution and this, along with variation in soils, hydrology, slope, and aspect, have resulted in diverse plant and tree species . Baseline data on giant panda distribution is from the most recent national survey for giant pandas. This data is not available to researchers outside China, making direct modeling of giant panda locations impossible . However, habitat associations and models derived from the data have been made available. Our study assesses the effects of climate change on giant pandas indirectly, by measuring how climate change will alter the geographic distribution and extent of giant panda habitat. Figure 1: Current giant panda distribution, protected areas, and mountain ranges. The current distribution is primarily above 1,2. As our study area we used the distribution of giant pandas from the national survey as a baseline and extended it to include contiguous areas down to 5. Climate Change Data. We obtained future climate projections from the World. Clim database . We included two general climate models; one described by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis Coupled Model, version 3 (CGCM3) . Both are commonly used atmosphere- ocean coupled models and data is available for download (http: //www. We restricted our study to models constrained by the conditions outlined in the A2 scenario of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios . A1 and A2 families assume more rapid economic development than B1 and B2 families, which also assume more ecologically responsible societies by the year 2. The A2 family assumes more heterogeneous future societies with regionally divergent economic growth and more fragmented growth in technological changes while the A1 scenario assumes the world will be more homogeneous with similar standard of living levels and technological progress among various regions. Population is assumed to continually increase in the A2 scenario, but the A1 scenario assumes population will decline after reaching 9 billion. We chose the A2 scenario based on current trends in China where fossil- fuel CO2 emissions have doubled since 2. IPCC author Richard Tol has asserted that the A2 family is by far the most realistic . The A2 is a strong scenario and should help us identify patterns and trends in predicted changes to giant panda habitat. For each climate dataset, bioclimatic parameters from monthly precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures were interpolated using BIOCLIM . We selected 1. 9 of the 3. BIOCLIM variables which seemed most relevant (Table 1). These bioclimatic parameters are calculated across the entire year to offer a wider range of climatic variables for analysis. Table 1: Bioclim variables and their percent contribution and percent permutation importance reported by Maxent. Variables are in order of highest to lowest permutation importance. We used Maxent to relate current giant panda distribution to environmental variables and to project future giant panda habitat. Maxent (http: //www. Maxent estimates the species’ distributions by finding the probability distribution of maximum entropy (i. For our study we created 1,5. We created 1. 0,0. BIOCLIM variables for both of the GCMs for the year 2. Digital elevation models (DEMs) at 9. CGIAR- CSI SRTM . Current climatic conditions of each point were interpolated and projected into the two future climate models. For both models we used 1 for the regularization multiplier, a convergence threshold of 1. AUC ranges from 0. AUC values over 0. Maxent estimates the importance of the variables with percent contribution and permutation importance values. Percent contribution represents how much the variable contributed to the model based on the path selected for a particular run. Permutation importance is determined by changing the predictors’ values between presence and background points and observing how that affects the AUC. The permutation importance depends on the final model, not the path used in an individual run and therefore is better for evaluating the importance of a particular variable. Standard errors and confidence intervals for both of the models were calculated in R v. We assessed how well Maxent could predict the known current giant panda using the same methods, except we used GCMs for the year 2. Maxent was 7. 7% accurate in modeling current giant panda distribution. We imported the Maxent probability distributions for each model into Arc. GIS 9. 3 (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA) and converted them to presence/absence (0/1) based on the threshold value that maximizes training sensitivity and plus specificity . Quantifying Suitable Habitat and Fragmentation. Areas with dense human populations and roads are not suitable for giant pandas and croplands do not provide suitable habitat, therefore we removed croplands, urban areas, and human disturbance buffers. Based on a framework developed by Liu et al. We used land cover data from Global Land Cover 2. Human development excludes giant pandas from areas < 1,2. Get Information about Court Reporting Program at West Valley College. Home > California > West Valley College > Court Reporting. Court Reporting Program at West Valley College. South Coast College in CA has an exceptional court reporting training program. Priscilla Mireles, CSR, Los Angeles county; Kaitlyn. At South Coast College, court reporting training leads to more than a certificate. Schedule with Accurate Court Reporting, Inc. Our services and court reporters are scheduled by you at your request and also canceled by you at your request.
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Program Dedeman de Craciun si sarbatori de iarna. Astfel, in prima si a doua zi de Craciun precum si in zilele de 3. Dedeman vor fi inchise. Programul magazinelor Dedeman in perioada sarbatorilor de iarna este urmatorul: 2. Vezi care sunt cele mai noi oferte si promotii. Ultimele oferte Dedeman le puteti afla din catalogul Dedeman actualizat in timp real pe moneycenter. Sucursale - Banca Romaneasca. Ce program au bancile de sarbatori. Banca Comerciala Carpatica informeaza ca pe 6 mai. Banca Comerciala Feroviara S.A este o institutie de credit specializata pe finantarea pe termen scurt a IMM-urilor si a micro . Program de functionare Banca Carpatica joi 25 si vineri 26 decembrie 2008 INCHIS. Citeste tot articolul in http://www.depozite-bancare.ro/articole/Programul-de-sarbatori-al-bancilor-BRD-BCR-Banca-Carpatica. Programul bancilor de sarbatori. Autor: Conso, Print PDF. Banca Carpatica; Alpha Bank; Garanti. Banca Carpatica Program De Sarbatori DedemanStiri financiar bancare. Ce isi doresc romanii de sarbatori? Stiri financiar bancare. Banca Comerciala Carpatica: Program de Sarbatori. Stiri financiar bancare. Raiffeisen Bank: programul de sarbatori. Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance. Ian Chopra. 1 and. Marilyn Roberts. 2,*. Download full text in PDF Article. Isolation of a tetracycline resistance plasmid from a glutamate-producing corynebacterium, Corynebacterium melassecola. Isolation, by tetracycline selection. The examination, by agarose gel electrophoresis, of tetracycline-resistant colonies of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying R-factor R12 reveals the presence of. PDF; Classifications. Isolation and Characterization of Tetracycline-Resistant. Isolation and Characterization of Tetracycline-Resistant Clinical. 11 Isolation and Characterization of Tetracycline-Resistant Clinical Isolates. Isolation of Tetracycline-Resistant Megasphaera elsdenii Strains with Novel Mosaic Gene Combinations of tet(O) and tet(W) from Swine. Presence of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes in lactic acid bacteria from fermented foods of. Resistance to tetracycline due to the genes tetM, tetW. Lactobacillales/isolation & purification*. Antimicrobial Research Centre and Division of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Leeds. Leeds LS2 9. JT, United Kingdom,1 and. Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. SUMMARYTetracyclines were discovered in the 1. They are inexpensive antibiotics. The first tetracycline- resistant bacterium, Shigella dysenteriae, was isolated. Tetracycline resistance now occurs in an increasing number of pathogenic, opportunistic, and commensal bacteria. Tetracycline resistance. Many of these genes are associated with mobile plasmids or. DNA- DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide. DNA sequencing. A limited number of bacteria acquire resistance by mutations, which alter the permeability of the. S r. RNA. New tetracycline derivatives are being examined, although their role in treatment is not clear. Changing. the use of tetracyclines in human and animal health as well as in food production is needed if we are to continue to use this. Tetracyclines are broad- spectrum agents, exhibiting activity.
The favorable antimicrobial properties of these agents and the absence of major adverse. They are also used prophylactically. Plasmodium falciparum. Furthermore, in some countries, including the United States, tetracyclines are added at subtherapeutic levels to animal. Although the tetracyclines retain important roles in both human and veterinary medicine. Undoubtedly the use of tetracyclines in clinical practice. Nevertheless, as we enter the new millennium, the use of tetracyclines. The increasing incidence of bacterial resistance to. The improved understanding of. Further research, already under way, is also identifying approaches by which. Nevertheless, in view of continuing interest in this group of antibiotics for both infectious and noninfectious diseases. These molecules were. Streptomyces aureofaciens and S. Other tetracyclines were identified later, either as naturally occurring molecules, e. S. Despite the success of the. These approaches resulted in the development of the semisynthetic compounds rolitetracycline and lymecycline. Tables 1 and. 2). The most recently discovered tetracyclines are the semisynthetic group referred to as glycylcyclines, e. N,N- dimethylglycylamido)- 6- demethyl- 6- deoxytetracycline, 9- (N,N- dimethylglycylamido)- minocycline, and 9- t- (butylglycylamido)- minocycline (Tables 1 and 2). These compounds possess a 9- glycylamido substitutent (Table 2). The antibiotics in Tables 1 and 2 can be referred to as first- generation (1. The 9- t- butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (tigilcycline; formerly known as GAR- 9. I studies in October. II clinical trials (1. Some of the earlier compounds, e. More recently, however, new aspects of structure- activity relationships have emerged. This aspect is considered. The simplest tetracycline to display detectable antibacterial activity. Fig. 1) and so this structure may be regarded as the minimum pharmacophore (1. Features important for antibacterial activity among the tetracyclines are maintenance of the linear fused tetracycle, naturally. The tetracyclines are. Fifty-two tetracycline-resistant Citrobacter spp. Morphological and biochemical characteristics indicated that 3. Chelation. sites include the . The newly discovered glycylcyclines, like other tetracycline derivatives, also form chelation complexes with divalent cations. Replacement of the C- 2 carboxamide moiety with other groups has generally resulted in analogs with inferior antibacterial. However, the addition of substituents to the amide nitrogen can impart significant water solubility, as in the case of. Table 2). Dissociation of the prodrugs in vivo liberates free tetracycline (1. Consistent with the above observations, substitutions at positions 1, 3, 4a, 1. Nevertheless, a number of other substitutions at different positions on the B, C, and D rings are tolerated, and molecules. Table 2). 1. Structure of 6- deoxy- 6- demethyltetracycline, the minimum tetracycline pharmacophore. The extensive structure- activity studies referred to above revealed that with one exception, each of the rings in the linear. Nevertheless, 6- thiatetracycline, which possesses a sulfur atom at position 6 of the C ring, is an apparent exception to. Nevertheless, it has now been established that the thiatetracyclines and a number of other tetracycline analogs, referred. These molecules, which also include. This contrasts with the typical tetracyclines, which interact with the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. The membrane- disrupting properties of the atypical tetracyclines are probably. B, C, and D rings so that a lipophilic, nonionized molecule predominates. On interaction. with the cell, the atypical tetracyclines are likely to be preferentially trapped in the hydrophobic environment of the cytoplasmic. These molecules are of no interest as therapeutic candidates because they cause adverse. A few other tetracycline molecules have been examined but have not moved on to further study (9. To restore the potential of the tetracyclines as a class of useful broad- spectrum agents, a systematic search was undertaken. This resulted in the discovery of the 9- glycinyltetracyclines (glycylcyclines) (1. Tables 1 and 2). Previous attempts to introduce substituents at position 9 of the molecule, e. However, during the 1. Lederle Laboratories (now American Home Products) noted that 9- acylamido derivatives. Nevertheless, when the acyl group was modified to include an. N,N- dialkylamine moiety, e. GAR- 9. 36) shown in Table. Tables 3 to 5) responsible for both efflux of earlier tetracyclines . These findings were extended to the 9- t- butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (Tables 1 and 2) (2. These data suggest that new structure- activity relationships may have been defined for activity against strains expressing. N- alkyl glycylamido substitution at the 9 position of the molecule. Stereochemical and substitution requirements for optimum antibacterial activity within the tetracycline series. MODE OF ACTIONIt is well established that tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by preventing the association of aminoacyl- t. RNA. with the bacterial ribosome (4. Therefore, to interact with their targets these molecules need to traverse one or more membrane systems depending on whether. Hence, a discussion of the mode of action of tetracyclines requires. Also pertinent to this discussion are explanations of the joint. Most of these. issues have been considered at length in recent years (4. The cationic metal ion- antibiotic complex is attracted by the Donnan potential across the outer membrane, leading to accumulation. Similarly, the. electroneutral, lipophilic form is assumed to be the species transferred across the cytoplasmic membrane of gram- positive. Uptake of tetracyclines across the cytoplasmic membrane is energy dependent and driven by the . Within the cytoplasm, tetracycline molecules are likely to become chelated since the internal p. H and divalent metal ion. Indeed, it is probable that the active drug species which binds to the ribosome is a magnesium- tetracycline complex (4. Association of tetracyclines with the ribosome is reversible, providing an explanation of the bacteriostatic effects of. However, Schnappinger and Hillen (2. Indeed, interpretation of the probing studies referred to above is complicated by the observation that binding of tetracycline. Furthermore, photoincorporation methods are subject to the limitation that upon irradiation, tetracycline photoproducts. Nevertheless, naturally occurring tetracycline- resistant propionibacteria contain a cytosine- to- guanine point mutation. S r. RNA (2. 51) (see below), which does at least suggest that the neighboring bases U1. C1. 05. 4 identified by chemical footprinting. S subunit. At the. S ribosomes (3. 02) and poor accumulation of the antibiotics by mammalian cells (7. However, tetracyclines inhibit protein syntheses in mitochondria (2. S ribosomes in these organelles. It has been recognized for some time that the spectrum of activity. P. The antiparasitic activity is explained in some cases by the finding that certain organisms, e. P. However, a number of other protozoa which lack mitochondria nevertheless remain susceptible to tetracyclines. At present. there is no satisfactory molecular explanation for these findings (6. Studies of naturally occurring environmental bacteria, representative of populations existing before the widespread use. Indeed, resistance to tetracyclines has now emerged in many. Subsequent parts of this section describe the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of tetracycline resistance, the regulation. The impact of resistance on the use of tetracyclines for human medicine is examined. They used restriction enzyme analysis, DNA- DNA hybridization, and expression of resistance to tetracycline and various analogs. Tcr) plasmids. Currently, two genes are considered related (i. Two genes are considered different from each other if they have . This comparison can now be done using Gen. Bank sequence information, since with few exceptions . One exception. is thetet(M) gene, which has been sequenced from a number of gram- positive and gram- negative species (2. To determine the distribution of any particular tet orotr gene, it is now customary to prepare specific oligonucleotide probes that hybridize with the specific gene of interest but. For example, if one is screening for the presence of the tet(M) gene, the oligonucleotide probes would not hybridize to tet(O) or tet(S) genes, which have approximately 7. M) gene (2. 28). The number of tetgenes has reached the end of the Roman alphabet, and numbers are being assigned to accommodate new tet genes (1. The first two genes with a number designation have now been assigned (Table 4). Stuart Levy has agreed to coordinate the assignment of proposed numbers for a new tetracycline resistance gene to prevent. How to Avoid and Remove Spyware and Adware. Introduction. Have you ever clicked on an intriguing ad or link while surfing the Web and had a barrage of pop- up windows flood your screen or your browser suddenly send you to a slew of unsavory sites? Or have you ever installed a free download and noticed that your computer is suddenly sluggish because, unbeknownst to you, a program is now tracking your online movements? Welcome to the mystifying world of spyware and adware. These programs are more than annoying. They can also pose security risks to everyday Internet users like you. Spyware and Adware. Spyware usually finds its way onto your computer without your knowledge or permission. It runs in the background, collecting information or monitoring your activities. A lot of spyware harvests information related to your computer and how you use it. For example, it may monitor your Web browsing patterns. However, more sophisticated forms of spyware have been known to capture and transmit highly personal information to identity thieves, from your website passwords and usernames to your credit card numbers or copies of your instant messages. Adware is slightly different than spyware- -the intent is primarily to display advertising content on your computer. Adware programs that work in this way are often called Browser Hijackers. Compare this year's top ranked anti-spyware for free at Top Ten Reviews. Compare the Best, Buy the Best for You. Often using pop- up windows, adware programs flash advertisements and links to other websites. Many of these ads tout legitimate products. Some adware monitors your browsing activities and then uses that information to deliver more focused advertising content. Some people don't mind, but others consider this practice an invasion of privacy. The most important question is: Do you want this program on your computer? If it compromises privacy and security as you define it (or at a minimum, becomes a nuisance), then it falls squarely in the category of unwelcome software. And that means you need to learn how to deal with it.
Spyware/Adware Programs Compared. Spyware and Adware threats have, over the past two years, become so numerous, and so sophisticated that they are overtaking Viruses, Worms and Trojans as the number one threat to security. How to Remove Spyware and Adware. Whether they pose security risks or performance headaches, it's clear some types of spyware are more than a nuisance. For example, spyware and adware, working busily in the background, can dominate your computer's resources, sometimes bringing down your entire system. While a slow machine is annoying for anyone, it's especially hard on home office users. Often these programs get installed along with other programs you've loaded. Of course, there's probably some sort of notification within the software's licensing agreement. However, these agreements tend to be quite long, and most of us don't read them in their entirety. In a typical scenario, spyware or adware gets bundled with freeware you download from the Internet. While some see this as a fair tradeoff- -you get free software, the software- maker gets to observe your habits- -others find it deceptive and invasive. Meanwhile, a lot of unwelcome software makes its way onto your machine as you surf the Web. In many cases, they get you to trigger a download by clicking on a pop- up window or fake dialog box. Malware, Adware, or Virus Interfering with Steam' STORE. FEATURED News RECOMMENDED WISHLIST Stats. Spyware, Malware, Adware, or Virus Interfering with Steam. These programs can cause system. The Difference Between Adware & Spyware. Tweet; Updated May 09, 2013 / Posted November 11. Licensing agreements that accompany software downloads sometimes warn the user that a spyware program will be installed along with. Spyware and adware can pose significant risks to Internet users. Catch Spyware Before It Snags You. Welcome to the mystifying world of spyware and adware. These programs are more than annoying. Some pop- ups contain an . It might offer a free gift or claim that you need to download software to see a Web page. The window often presents what appears to be a . In reality, if you click the window, it will download spyware or adware to your computer, so be sure to just close the window. How to Avoid Spyware and Adware. A lot of unwelcome software ends up on your computer in part because of something you did or did not do. Here's how to avoid unwanted spyware or adware: Be selective about what you download to your computer. Make sure you really need a program before downloading it. And if you've never heard of the software maker, read its website carefully to learn more about the people behind the technology, as well as the technology itself. Also, watch out for Active. X, which is a common tool for installing spyware without your knowledge or consent. You can turn off Active. X via your browser preferences and you can always turn it back on should a trusted site require it. Read licensing agreements. It can seem daunting to read these agreements, but to play it safe, don't just scroll to the bottom and click the . Instead, read each agreement carefully and look for language pertaining to any information- gathering activity, which could mean that you’ll get spyware or adware along with your freebie. Watch out for anti- spyware scams. The Web is rife with . Some even make it worse. Purveyors of these tools often provide free scans, which almost invariably identify hundreds of spyware programs on your computer. They then immediately ask you to buy their bogus product. Beware of clickable advertisements. Try to avoid programs- -especially freeware- -that flash clickable ads. These ads should be a red flag. If you click the ads, it's possible someone is watching how you respond to them. Conclusion. Unfortunately, spyware and adware aren't going away any time soon. But you can take control by deciding what gets in, what stays out, and what remains on your computer. |
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